Shadows and Lies: The Psychological Architecture of Gaslighting and DARVO

Leon Festinger’s A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance proposes that people experience psychological discomfort (dissonance) when they hold conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors, and will strive to reduce this discomfort by changing one or more of these elements. The theory explains a wide range of human behaviors related to justification, attitude change, and rationalization

In this retrospective, Bowlby, the researcher behind the 1980 book Attachment and Loss, reflects on the evolution of attachment theory, tracing its foundations in empirical observations of maternal separation and its implications for personality development and psychopathology.

Williams analyzes how memes like #LivingWhileBlack, BBQ Becky, and Karen operate as cultural critique in digital spaces, exposing and resisting White surveillance and racial dominance while providing Black communities with tools for expression and agency. She argues that these memes do more than humorously depict everyday racism—they disrupt dominant narratives and highlight systemic racial inequalities online and offline.

Davis and Jurgenson refine the theory of context collapse by distinguishing between intentional context collusions and unintentional context collisions in social media environments. They argue that collapsing contexts are shaped by both platform design and user agency, with implications for identity performance, privacy, and social consequences.

This study investigates whether the race of a civilian influences the likelihood that police officers use force during 911 dispatches. Using a large dataset linking police use of force to the race of both civilians and dispatching officers, the authors find that Black civilians are more likely to experience force—especially when the responding officer is white.

This article shows that people who score higher in psychological entitlement are more likely to respond with anger when they experience bad luck, even when no one is to blame. This effect is specific to personal experiences and does not extend to imagining others in similar situations.

In Influence, Robert Cialdini outlines the key psychological principles that drive people to say “yes,” explaining how factors like reciprocity, commitment, social proof, authority, liking, scarcity, and unity influence persuasion and decision‑making. The expanded edition updates the original work with new research and real‑world examples showing how these persuasion principles operate in contemporary contexts.

Horton and Wohl introduced the concept of parasocial interaction, describing the one‑sided relationships audiences form with media figures that feel like real interpersonal bonds despite a lack of reciprocal communication. They argue that mass media—especially radio and television—creates an illusion of intimacy that encourages audiences to respond emotionally and socially as if the mediated persona were personally known.

Milgram’s Obedience to Authority reports on a series of experiments demonstrating that ordinary people will follow orders from an authority figure—even when those orders conflict with their personal conscience—revealing powerful influences of social context and authority structures on behavior. The work shows that obedience can occur across diverse individuals when situational pressures and legitimate authority cues are present.

Brown and Levinson’s Politeness develops a model of face‑saving communication that explains how speakers across cultures use linguistic strategies to mitigate social conflict and maintain mutual respect. Central to the theory is the idea that all individuals have a desire to protect both their own and others’ “face,” leading to varied politeness strategies depending on social context and power relations.

French and Raven’s model identifies five (later expanded to six) fundamental bases of social power that explain how individuals influence others: reward, coercive, legitimate, referent, expert, and informational power. These power bases describe different sources of influence ranging from formal authority to personal persuasion and expertise.

Sunstein explores how deliberation among like-minded individuals tends to amplify their preexisting views, a phenomenon he terms group polarization. He proposes that this effect is not just a quirk of psychology but a reliable pattern with implications for law, politics, and public discourse.

Patricia Wallace’s The Psychology of the Internet provides a comprehensive research‑based overview of how online environments shape human behavior, emotions, and social interaction across contexts such as impression formation, group dynamics, aggression, attraction, altruism, privacy, gaming, development, and gender. The book integrates classic and contemporary psychological research to explain why people behave differently online and how those behaviors both reflect and inform social life on the Internet.