Cognitive Dissonance

the discomfort of conflicting ideas

Does Race Matter for Police Use of Force? Evidence from 911 Calls

This study investigates whether the race of a civilian influences the likelihood that police officers use force during 911 dispatches. Using a large dataset linking police use of force to the race of both civilians and dispatching officers, the authors find that Black civilians are more likely to experience force—especially when the responding officer is white.

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A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

Leon Festinger’s A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance proposes that people experience psychological discomfort (dissonance) when they hold conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors, and will strive to reduce this discomfort by changing one or more of these elements. The theory explains a wide range of human behaviors related to justification, attitude change, and rationalization

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The Psychology of the Internet

Patricia Wallace’s The Psychology of the Internet provides a comprehensive research‑based overview of how online environments shape human behavior, emotions, and social interaction across contexts such as impression formation, group dynamics, aggression, attraction, altruism, privacy, gaming, development, and gender. The book integrates classic and contemporary psychological research to explain why people behave differently online and how those behaviors both reflect and inform social life on the Internet.

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